Testing a Transformer - How To Accurately Test A Transformer

!±8± Testing a Transformer - How To Accurately Test A Transformer

There is two types of transformers in the market- linear transformer and switch mode power transformer. The transformers design is different. Sometimes it is just referred as ac transformer. Linear transformer mostly used in radio, project kits, VCD and etc while switch mode transformer can be found in Monitor, Tv, Fax and so on.

A transformer consists of two or more coils wound on the same core. For power transformers, the core material is usually iron. For a radio-frequency transformer, the core material is usually ferrite or air. The basic property of a transformer is to change AC voltage. A transformer cannot change direct current voltage. A step down transformer has a lower AC output voltage at its secondary winding than the AC input voltage to its primary winding. Conversely, a step up transformer has a higher secondary than primary voltage. The transformer laminations or coating of shellac, enamel or varnish is to insulate adjacent turns from shorts between winding. I will not go too details about how transformer work and transformer calculation as you can read more details from most electrical and electronic transformers books.

How to test transformers: Transformer failures are relatively rare in most electronic equipment, compared with other components. If too much current goes through a coil or winding, the winding heats up and can either open up completely, or the insulation between turns of wire can break down, causing the coil to be partly or completely shorted.

Just like a coil, you can check continuity of any primary or secondary transformer winding. The actual value of DC resistance you read is rather meaningless, but at least you will know whether a winding is open. Checking linear transformer is quite straight forward. Apply the ac voltage to the primary winding and expect output voltage at the secondary side. No or low output voltage means the transformer winding has open or shorted winding. Look for any evidence of overheating, such as darkened or blackened areas or a burnt smell.

About how to test a power transformer-it is a little bit complicated. You cannot apply ac voltage to the equipment and expect the desire output at the secondary side without connect to load otherwise over voltage will happen (because you have removed all the secondary load) and will blow the power section which consist of power fet, pwm ic and etc. Switch mode power supply are designed to run with load while linear transformer can be test without load.

The best way to test a switch mode power transformer is first remove it from the board. Check only the primary winding as secondary winding failures are exceedingly rare. How do we know which one is the primary winding? Trace from the big filter cap the positive pin to see where the circuit goes. It will go to one of the pin of the transformer. Then look for the power fet middle pin which is the Drain and it will lead to another pin of the transformer. This two pins is the primary winding of the transformer. Checking the resistance of the primary winding only can reveal whether it is open but it cannot check if it has developed a shorted winding. Only by using a ringer test you will know if it shorted or not. A shorted turn in the primary winding can cause the power section to blow.

The cheapest ringer tester that i came across is Dick Smith LOPT METER or flyback tester. Just connect the probes to the primary winding and the result are instantly seen from the Led bar graph. 4-8 bar represent a good winding, 1-2 bar represent partial short and if the led goes off means there is a heavy short in the winding. Besides checking the transformer it can be use to check B+ COIL, horizontal yoke coil and flyback primary winding and ballast (choke).

The expensive ringer tester is from sencore equipment. Sencore LC102 and LC103C besides checking capacitor it also have the capability to check all kind of winding. Whether it is a low voltage transformer, high voltage transformer, current transformer, pulse transformer, electric transformer, custom transformer this equipment will be able to check and test it.

If you do not wish to invest on this tester you may use a light bulb to check it. Remove one of the primary winding pin and connect a 60 watt light bulb. One end to the circuit while the other to the transformer pin. If the bulb light and didn't goes off suspect a shorted winding and if the light goes off, the winding is ok.

Transformer repair is not easy and it require a good skill to do it. Most of the transformer repairer preferred to rewind bigger winding such as fan, car alternator and starter. Switch mode power transformer is a little bit difficult to rewind because of the small size and low price.

Testing a Transformer - How To Accurately Test A Transformer

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How to Build a Septic Tank

!±8± How to Build a Septic Tank

As building expenses continue to get bigger each year, individuals who wish to construct their own residences look for different ways to save cash. One of these ways is building their own septic area.

Although building one is strictly regulated because of environmental and health hazards, constructing the tank by yourself is not an impossible endeavor.

One of the most important parts of a home is the septic tank. It contains wastes coming from your residence and keeps it in designated places to be broke down by organisms.

The main key to making this set-up possible is to fulfill all permit requirements and create a plan. You can also ask the help of professionals to ensure the success of the project.

MATERIALS NEEDED IN CONSTRUCTING A SEPTIC TANK

The materials needed are gravel, sand, PVC glue, PVC piping and ends, string, pen and paper, tape measure and paint brushes.

TOOLS

The tools needed are backhoe, shovel, surveying equipment, measuring pole and stakes.

STEPS IN CREATING A SEPTIC TANK

Secure the necessary permits from your local health and municipal authorities before beginning with your project. Make a preliminary sketch of your whole property and give it to your local building and health officials for approval for the test holes to be made.

The sketch should also contain all the structures in your residence and the exact number of rooms, fences, transformers as well as the geographical formations in your property to determine the area where you will place it.

Create test holes as ordered by your local building authorities. Choose a professional contractor to do this task for you. Allow the inspectors to examine the hole once you are finished creating them. You should also submit the soil for testing. Create a plan to fulfill the building requirements in your community.

After that, you can start building the whole set-up. The approval from your local building authorities will decide the overall size and location of the tank. Use a backhoe to create the hole of the tank. Check if the tank meets the standards set by local building and health officials.

Place stone and sand in the area. Install the tank, drainage system and distribution area according to the design plan. Connect the set-up to the plumbing of your residence.

Asked an inspector to check if everything is in order with your project and verify if all forms have been finished for inspection before sealing the pit.

How to Build a Septic Tank

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!±8± The 2011-2016 World Outlook for Power and Distribution Transformers Excluding Parts

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The 2011-2016 World Outlook for Power and Distribution Transformers Excluding Parts

This econometric study covers the world outlook for power and distribution transformers excluding parts across more than 200 countries. For each year reported, estimates are given for the latent demand, or potential industry earnings (P.I.E.), for the country in question (in millions of U.S. dollars), the percent share the country is of the region and of the globe. These comparative benchmarks allow the reader to quickly gauge a country vis-a-vis others. Using econometric models which project fundamental economic dynamics within each country and across countries, latent demand estimates are created. This report does not discuss the specific players in the market serving the latent demand, nor specific details at the product level. The study also does not consider short-term cyclicalities that might affect realized sales. The study, therefore, is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved.

This study does not report actual sales data (which are simply unavailable, in a comparable or consistent manner in virtually all of the 230 countries of the world). This study gives, however, my estimates for the worldwide latent demand, or the P.I.E., for power and distribution transformers excluding parts. It also shows how the P.I.E. is divided across the world's regional and national markets. For each country, I also show my estimates of how the P.I.E. grows over time (positive or negative growth). In order to make these estimates, a multi-stage methodology was employed that is often taught in courses on international strategic planning at graduate schools of business.

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The 2011-2016 World Outlook for Power and Distribution Transformers Excluding Parts

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The 2011 Report on Single-And Three-Phase, Dry Pad-Mounted Distribution Transformers with Maximum 500 KVA Excluding General-Purpose Types and Parts: World Market Segmentation by City

!±8±The 2011 Report on Single-And Three-Phase, Dry Pad-Mounted Distribution Transformers with Maximum 500 KVA Excluding General-Purpose Types and Parts: World Market Segmentation by City

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Post Date : Nov 26, 2011 16:43:02
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This report was created for global strategic planners who cannot be content with traditional methods of segmenting world markets. With the advent of a "borderless world", cities become a more important criteria in prioritizing markets, as opposed to regions, continents, or countries. This report covers the top 2000 cities in over 200 countries. It does so by reporting the estimated market size (in terms of latent demand) for each major city of the world. It then ranks these cities and reports them in terms of their size as a percent of the country where they are located, their geographic region (e.g. Africa, Asia, Europe, Middle East, North America, Latin America), and the total world market.

In performing various economic analyses for its clients, I have been occasionally asked to investigate the market potential for various products and services across cities. The purpose of the studies is to understand the density of demand within a country and the extent to which a city might be used as a point of distribution within its region. From an economic perspective, however, a city does not represent a population within rigid geographical boundaries. To an economist or strategic planner, a city represents an area of dominant influence over markets in adjacent areas. This influence varies from one industry to another, but also from one period of time to another.

In what follows, I summarize the economic potential for the world's major cities for "single- and three-phase, dry pad-mounted distribution transformers with maximum 500 kVA excluding general-purpose types and parts" for the year 2011. The goal of this report is to report my findings on the real economic potential, or what an economist calls the latent demand, represented by a city when defined as an area of dominant influence. The reader needs to realize that latent demand may or may not represent real sales.

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The 2011 Report on Overhead-Type, Single-Phase, Liquid-Immersed Distribution Transformers with Maximum 500 KVA Excluding General-Purpose Types and Parts: World Market Segmentation by City

!±8±The 2011 Report on Overhead-Type, Single-Phase, Liquid-Immersed Distribution Transformers with Maximum 500 KVA Excluding General-Purpose Types and Parts: World Market Segmentation by City

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Price : $795.00
Post Date : Nov 25, 2011 21:21:08
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This report was created for global strategic planners who cannot be content with traditional methods of segmenting world markets. With the advent of a "borderless world", cities become a more important criteria in prioritizing markets, as opposed to regions, continents, or countries. This report covers the top 2000 cities in over 200 countries. It does so by reporting the estimated market size (in terms of latent demand) for each major city of the world. It then ranks these cities and reports them in terms of their size as a percent of the country where they are located, their geographic region (e.g. Africa, Asia, Europe, Middle East, North America, Latin America), and the total world market.

In performing various economic analyses for its clients, I have been occasionally asked to investigate the market potential for various products and services across cities. The purpose of the studies is to understand the density of demand within a country and the extent to which a city might be used as a point of distribution within its region. From an economic perspective, however, a city does not represent a population within rigid geographical boundaries. To an economist or strategic planner, a city represents an area of dominant influence over markets in adjacent areas. This influence varies from one industry to another, but also from one period of time to another.

In what follows, I summarize the economic potential for the world's major cities for "overhead-type, single-phase, liquid-immersed distribution transformers with maximum 500 kVA excluding general-purpose types and parts" for the year 2011. The goal of this report is to report my findings on the real economic potential, or what an economist calls the latent demand, represented by a city when defined as an area of dominant influence. The reader needs to realize that latent demand may or may not represent real sales.

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20KV High Voltage Transformer - Jaycobs Ladder demo

!±8± 20KV High Voltage Transformer - Jaycobs Ladder demo

This is my High Voltage home made Transformer., no oil, no mess, and was made and designed by me, and I had no help. The materials cost around 00AU which is a small fraction of the cost to buy. No gutless NSTs, No Capacitors, No 2KV Microwave Oven Transformers placed in series and parallel to build up the voltage and current, just pure raw grunt. and up to 20Kv! and I can drive the transformer much harder and get a few amps at 20Kv! but 400milliAmps will do for now. Question: Why not just buy a power distribution Transformer, or get it from a junk yard cheap? Answer: Impossible to find one in any junkyard, and 5~15Kva Pole pigs cost way over 00AU in Australia and none give 20KV. Most things are expensive in Australia, where I was quoted over 00AU to have one made for me. I'd rather spend the time and learn and have the pleasure and experience of making one myself, where I can repair, replace and alter my transformer for any voltage I want rather than be bound to what is available on the market and then get ripped off for it!

20KV High Voltage Transformer - Jaycobs Ladder demo

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How Can We Prevent Ourselves From Electromagnetic Radiation?

!±8± How Can We Prevent Ourselves From Electromagnetic Radiation?

Electromagnetic Radiation is a self-propagating wave of energy, produced by many contemporary electronic devices and this is a form of energy to possess beneficial and harmful health effects. Some people claim that exposure to so much electromagnetic radiation has cause them to heal injuries and wounds and to become sick. But we can prevent ourselves from electromagnetic radiation by taking some precautions.

Some precautions are there that can reduce electromagnetic radiation's effects on Health:

Avoid living near a radio/TV transmitters or mobile phone masts. Avoid using wireless security systems or wireless baby monitors, where possible hard wire them in. Avoid using especially DECT phones, cordless phones as these transmit radiation when not in use. Do not use wireless routers, use CAT5 cable. Do not use the Microwave, it does not good for your food and will flood adjacent rooms with radiation. Use a cordless phone or mobile phone for emergency calls; use a corded phone for all regular conversations. Do not use a mobile phone in pregnancy and do not allow a child under 16 to use a mobile phone at all. Use your mobile phone on hands free but without a Bluetooth headset. Do not use a mobile phone in your car without an external antenna because the radio waves will be reflected back from the metal chassis at you. Avoid keeping your mobile phone in the same pocket every time; keep it away from the body on a desk or in a bag. OR rotate it around the body. Reduce the number of electronic devices around your bed like alarm clocks, lights, telephones, electric blankets and extension cords. Battery operated devices like an alarm clock are good replacements. Do not living under or near high voltage power lines. The same goes for electric transformers and sub-stations. Don't sleep near your distribution box or fuse box. Avoid all unnecessary exposure to CT scans and x-rays. Electronic devices should be grounded. Drive those cars that have low electro magnetic fields. Do not uses a dimmer switch in the house as it emit high magnetic fields and cause dirty electricity. I hope you would definitely take these precautions to live healthy and to provide safety to your family or friends.

How Can We Prevent Ourselves From Electromagnetic Radiation?

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The 2009 Report on Single-And Three-Phase, Dry Pad-Mounted Distribution Transformers with Maximum 500 KVA Excluding General-Purpose Types and Parts: World Market Segmentation by City

!±8± The 2009 Report on Single-And Three-Phase, Dry Pad-Mounted Distribution Transformers with Maximum 500 KVA Excluding General-Purpose Types and Parts: World Market Segmentation by City

Brand : | Rate : | Price : $795.00
Post Date : Oct 30, 2011 13:10:04 | Usually ships in 24 hours

This report was created for global strategic planners who cannot be content with traditional methods of segmenting world markets. With the advent of a "borderless world", cities become a more important criteria in prioritizing markets, as opposed to regions, continents, or countries. This report covers the top 2000 cities in over 200 countries. It does so by reporting the estimated market size (in terms of latent demand) for each major city of the world. It then ranks these cities and reports them in terms of their size as a percent of the country where they are located, their geographic region (e.g. Africa, Asia, Europe, Middle East, North America, Latin America), and the total world market.

In performing various economic analyses for its clients, I have been occasionally asked to investigate the market potential for various products and services across cities. The purpose of the studies is to understand the density of demand within a country and the extent to which a city might be used as a point of distribution within its region. From an economic perspective, however, a city does not represent a population within rigid geographical boundaries. To an economist or strategic planner, a city represents an area of dominant influence over markets in adjacent areas. This influence varies from one industry to another, but also from one period of time to another.

In what follows, I summarize the economic potential for the world's major cities for "single- and three-phase, dry pad-mounted distribution transformers with maximum 500 kVA excluding general-purpose types and parts" for the year 2009. The goal of this report is to report my findings on the real economic potential, or what an economist calls the latent demand, represented by a city when defined as an area of dominant influence. The reader needs to realize that latent demand may or may not represent real sales.

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Pole Pig Fun

!±8± Pole Pig Fun

Me being bored i did some stuff with my pole pig.

Pole Pig Fun

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Can Industry Rely on Renewable Sources For Its Energy Needs?

!±8± Can Industry Rely on Renewable Sources For Its Energy Needs?

The US is gradually realizing that fossil fuel is no longer a viable energy option, not just due to its impact on the environment, but the economy as well. According to the Environmental Law Institute, subsidies for fossil fuel, from 2002 to 2008, totaled a whooping billion. With the US economy deeply dependent on fossil fuel, moving towards cleaner, cost effective and sustainable renewable energy sources can be challenging.

Industry needs reliable and affordable energy to stay productive and competitive. At the same time, it needs to balance between its growing demand for energy and the urgent need to protect the environment.

Industry accounts for more than a third of total energy consumption in the US, and 70% -80% of this sector's energy demand is for heat production. Given the current concerns of global warming,environmental pollution, energy security and industrial competitiveness, there is increasing pressure on industry to use modern, clean and efficient sources of energy. Till 2007, just 8.5% of the total energy demand in the US was fulfilled from renewable energy sources. However solar, wind and biomass-based technologies have shown considerable potential and are waiting to be tapped not just for domestic use but industrial energy purposes as well.

Introduction

Energy is the largest industry in the world. It fuels both the manufacturing and service sector and is estimated to be about $ 7 trillion TWh in size.The fallout of excessive dependence on fossil fuel for energy is having an impact on the environment and people alike. With growing acknowledgment of the negative effects of the use of fossil fuel, research and development in the renewable energy sector is getting some serious attention.

According to market studies, investment in renewable energy is growing at 45% a year - essentially doubling every two years. It is expected that energy generated from alternate sources will become cost competitive compared to energy generated from fossil fuel, especially with the costs of pollution from fossil fuels factored in. This is increasingly becoming the case with the tax on CO2 production.Despite the thrust towards alternative energy, U.S used renewable energy sources such as water, geothermal, wind, sun, and biomass to meet just 8.5% of its total energy needs in 2007.

Alternative Energy Resources

While there are numerous alternate energy resources, not all of them can be harvested on a large scale while others, have reliability issues.

Solar energy

Direct conversion of sunlight to electricity using solar cells is a promising technology, and already has been used widely. Solar energy is especially helpful for remote places that keep falling off the energy grid and face constant blackouts.

Wind energy

Wind has the potential to be a significant electric power source. Its viability, however, depends on the location of wind mills. The development of wind power in the US is currently the highest in the world.Wind is also a clean, low maintenance, cost effective way to generate energy, but like solar energy, storage problems of large amounts of wind generated electricity remain of much concern.

Geothermal energy

Geothermal sources allow for continual energy generation, which contrasts with alternative energy sources like wind or solar. Geothermal energy boasts of the best base load percentage, namely power availability 95% of the time. The footprint of a geothermal power plant is minimal and the resource is long lasting; the original geothermal power plant which is over a century old continues to produce electricity to date. Geothermal power produces energy with little or no emission. It is also a proven technology, with low operating costs; no fuel requirements once the plant is built, and insulates producers from commodity shocks, unlike fossil fuel.

Three aspects of the alternate energy system

While alternate energy seems to be increasingly feasible, its distribution and consumption cannot become a reality without certain infrastructure. The first infrastructural requirement is energy storage systems - this is especially important as renewable energy like solar and wind are not constantly produced. The second requirement is the Smart Grid that can be used to distribute not just energy produced from alternate energy sources but from fossil fuel as well. The smart grid has to be extremely responsive to fluctuations in energy supply, leakages during transmission and breakdowns. The third infrastructure requirement is the smart meter which allows people to monitor their energy consumption and regulate its use, especially during certain times of the day when the price of energy may change. The fourth infrastructure requirement is energy efficient transformers that reduce energy wastage during distribution.

Energy storage systems

The concept of storing electricity generated in a utility grid has been tried since the 1960s, these large scale storage projects were, however, more common at nuclear power plants. From 2005 onwards, the American Electric Power (AEP) took the lead in adding large amounts of battery energy storage in substations. The distributed energy storage approach was used to test peak load management and improve system reliability by deploying systems in sizes of 2 MW. Battery systems provide a new alternative for utility power management in a distribution substation, and during an outage,customers can have power restored as the substation runs on battery energy.

Smart Grid

Simply put, the smart grid is dynamic and has constant two-way communication. It represents a significant move away from aging, utility-owned electricity distribution infrastructure to networked infrastructure that directly connects utilities with customers. The smart grid puts renewable energy online, and makes the distribution system efficient, reliable and flexible.

Smart Grid introduces a complete change in perspective and moves away from technicalities like production and distribution of energy to dawn a human face, that of the consumer. The consumer becomes part of the smart grid and is able to use energy more efficiently. Smart Grid also enables consumers to reduce demand, enables utilities to use efficient generators, and allows for more renewable power sources to be used. Smart Grid is a key enabler of solutions to reduce global warming.

Smart meters

The heart of the Smart Grid are "smart meters" that establish 2-way communication between utilities and the customer. The meters give consumers a great variety of information about their energy consumption - and therefore, some control over their energy savings. Because a utility has different costs to generate power at different times, everybody can save if electric usage is cut during highest-cost times. Utilities can transmit different rates/kWh at different times of the day or week, and customer can use this information to take advantage of the cheapest rates.

Smart meter also track usage at different times and tally up a bill without meter readers. Smart meters can tell a utility when power has been lost at a location, so the utility can know immediately when and where a power outage occurs.

Energy Efficient Transformers

Old and inefficient energy transformers waste hundreds of TWh of energy each year; the reasons for the losses are many, including inefficient cores.

Compliant transformers are able to maintain National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) Class 1 efficiency levels at 35% load. This is accomplished by using higher-grade grain-oriented steel in the core rather than standard non grain-oriented steel. Grain-oriented steel offers thinner gauge and purer metallic material quality, reducing heat caused from eddy currents by limiting the direction in which current flows. Narrowing of the magnetic field into a thinner profile also reduces the canceling effect of opposing currents. Increasing energy efficiency of a transformer allows an organization to operate at the same level of efficiency with less energy.

Compliant transformers cost more than their lower-efficiency predecessors due to the higher price of grain-oriented steel, additional labor and higher raw material costs. While compliant transformers add to construction and maintenance costs, end users save over the life of the transformer.

Can industry rely on renewable sources for its energy needs? The popularity of renewable energy is increasing rapidly and prices are dropping such that renewable energy will soon be cost competitive compared with fossil fuel. Most industries rely heavily on steady supplies of energy, and with costs of fossil fuel constantly increasing and fluctuating, renewable energy seems to be the answer. Numerous companies like Pacific Crest Transformers are in the process of making renewable energy reliable enough for industry.

Much like rectifier transformers, Wind Turbine Step-Up Transformers are designed for harmonics, additional loading, and have electrostatic shields to prevent transfer of harmonic frequencies between the primary and secondary windings.

Renewable energy still has a long way to go in terms of reliability and cost effectiveness before industry can fully rely on its supply, but till then industry needs to take smaller steps that will help make the big switch. The US leads the world in generating wind energy, and it's time that industry backed this effort by using wind energy to part meet its requirements.

Can Industry Rely on Renewable Sources For Its Energy Needs?

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Pole Pig Bright White Arcs (Manganese Dioxide)

!±8± Pole Pig Bright White Arcs (Manganese Dioxide)

8.76 kW arcs (120 V * 73 A) with some manganese dioxide on the electrodes. The manganese in the manganese dioxide makes the arc turn bright white. The video doesn't do it justice on how bright it really is. webmineral.com

Pole Pig Bright White Arcs (Manganese Dioxide)

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Rogers Tesla Coil Running Full Power

!±8± Rogers Tesla Coil Running Full Power

Here is Rogers coil running at the mid ohio teslathon. It is a dc resonant charging 5kva pole pig+voltage doubler coil overdriven to 7kva and throws 10' streamers.

Rogers Tesla Coil Running Full Power

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Why are some films released direct to DVD?

!±8± Why are some films released direct to DVD?

No budget

Honestly, it costs a lot to promote a theatrical release. While technology has revolutionized the low-budget film, there is nothing to exceed the costs actually promoting and releasing a film at the cinema has done. If you consider that movies like last year is very popular low-budget hit, Paranormal have made just over $ 10,000, but it takes tens of millions to promote and it is, it is easy to see why some simply studios and producers don 't see -or not - bother with a theatrical release.

Distribution Agreement

With so many blockbuster movies coming out these days, it can be difficult to obtain a contract for the distribution of a film that has low income expectations get.

Small audience

Some movies are simply more profitable if they cut marketing costs and distribution and go straight to DVD. For example, Disney has released the king of successful straight-to-DVD. They know their market and know that their parentsrather than buy the latest installment sit through it in a theater.

Too much competition

In these days when a movie theme makes a lot of money, other studies on rapidly moving train, making it difficult for smaller films to compete are the same kind can go. In addition, Blockbuster are often postponed, and such an event could mean that a previously planned for a smaller version is the suffering part of its date. It only makes sense, then, that the theater will be reluctanttake a movie that they know will be low gains at the box office. If a studio knows that his film should not be able to compete, then their only option are as follows: 1) a further delay in the publication, in the hope of a better date, or 2) to a DVD and prevents cost release of a film at all. Like any movie insider knows, is an unsuccessful movie (although he received good reviews), is the kiss of death for actor, director and writer.

Last desperate attempt

Whether it'salready mentioned the difficulties with the competition, a good agreement for the sale or statutory damages that a film can not prevent the film as originally planned, when complications have filed a finished film for more than two years study, are almost always directly DVD only to get it out, and their losses.

Heroes straight to DVD

The movie business is to make more and more competitive, so that direct to DVD releases are notMore low-cost option for the bombs reserved. Even workers in the likes of Sarah Michelle Gellar and Gerard Butler have seen some of their current projects go directly to DVD. Of course, every fan knows that a cult film must survive without a theatrical release. Take, for example, Boondock Saints. His huge fan base has recently received a sequel, which was released worldwide a full ten years after the original was directly to VHS.

Why are some films released direct to DVD?

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my measurement transformer Apprentice I did my apprentice new home a Review

!±8± my measurement transformer Apprentice I did my apprentice new home a Review

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New Pole Pig Ballast Test 4

!±8± New Pole Pig Ballast Test 4

Testing the new reactor inductive to 71.5 amps and 120 volts, or 8.58 kW

New Pole Pig Ballast Test 4

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Simran AR-3000 3000-Watt Heavy Duty Voltage Regulator/Stabilizer with Built-In Step Up/Down Voltage Transformer, Grey

!±8± Simran AR-3000 3000-Watt Heavy Duty Voltage Regulator/Stabilizer with Built-In Step Up/Down Voltage Transformer, Grey

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• Simran THG 750 2Way -Heavy Duty 750 Watts Conituous Use step Up Down Voltage Converter Transformer - AC 110V/220V for Worldwide Use.
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Grounding Transformers - Electrical Planning, Design Transformer, Transformer design and distribution

!±8± Grounding Transformers - Electrical Planning, Design Transformer, Transformer design and distribution

The ground is clearly one of the most important aspects of electrical design, but remains firm be misinterpreted and misunderstood. Millions of dollars of liability and loss of earth fault arc can be attributed, and so, grounding issues should top the checklists of Electrical Contractors.

Grounding Transformers

In short, a transformer grounding is used to specify a base path, switched to a non-ground "Y" or a triangular system. GroundingTransformers are typically used for:

Enter a relatively low impedance path to ground, maintaining the system at or near ground potential neutral Limit the size of the transient voltages that occur when re-striking earth faults Enter a source of fault current during line-to-ground fault Enable the connection of phase-neutral loads, if desired

When a single line-ground fault on an ungrounded system, or isolated, there is no return channel forFault current, so that no current flow. The system continues to function, but the other two non-perturbed lines of increased tension to the square root of 3, leading to an overload of the isolation transformer and other associated components in the system by 173%. MOV arresters are particularly susceptible to damage by heat losses in the blocks, even if the voltage is not always enough to flashover. A transformer grounding provides a ground path to preventthis.

Large multi-wind turbines provide an example of using transformers grounded to protect against interference from land lines. In many of the wind farm substation transformer provides the sole reason for the source distribution. In the case of ground fault caused to open it in a collector substation circuit breaker cable for this cable, the wind turbine is isolated from the soil the source string.

The turbines do not always recognize the disease or the fact that the stringisolated and not grounded, so that the generators continue to animate the cable collector, and increased tensions between the non-perturbed ground wire and power far beyond the normal range as described above. A transformer is grounded on the string turbine placed on the ground provides a path where the string is isolated from the soil.

Construction:

Grounding transformers are usually built with both

A (Zn) with or without winding connected ZigZagAuxiliary winding or How Wye (YND) of the secondary connected to a Delta or may not be used to provide additional power

The geometry of the zig-zag connection is useful to restrict the movement of third-harmonic and delta connected winding can not be used or 4 - or 5-foot-cores used, usually used for this purpose distribution and power transformers. By eliminating the need for a secondary winding, this option is cheaper and smaller than acomparable with two transformers grounded winding. Furthermore, in a zig-zag grounding transformer provides a unit smaller than a two-winding converter Delta-Wye, the same impedance zero.

Wye connected transformers, on the other hand, is a triangle or the application of the secondary circuit of 4 or 5-leg core design in order to provide a return path for unbalanced load with this primary connection services. Since it is often desirableprovide auxiliary power by the grounding of the transformer secondary, which can provide energy for the benefit of the end user to a two-winding transformer connected to the ground instead of a zig-zag. The current trend in the design of the wind farm is connected to the Wye primary with a delta secondary.

It 'important to understand that both can zig-zag transformers to the ground and two windings are provided with the opportunity to provide more power, and this can be either a star or delta connectedto load.

A transformer with a solid grounding system offers numerous improvements to the security of a system ground. However, it lacks the land alone, the current transformer that limits the ability of a system of grounding resistance. For this reason, the neutral ground resistors are often used in combination with the grounding transformer neutral ground current magnitude limit. Ohm their values ​​must be used in high current ground fault enough to allow allow reliable operationrelay protection equipment, but low enough to limit thermal damage.

How to specify a transformer grounding

The basic parameters for quoting a transformer grounding is necessary:

Primary voltage - This is the voltage at which the winding is connected to the ground. Do not forget to specify BIL. In some cases, the BIL will be considerations of equipment, such as 150 kV BIL dictated reviews of 34 500 volts wind farms because of limitations on the deadFront connectors. Rated KVA - Since the transformer grounding device is usually a short period of time, its size and cost less than a continuous power output kVA transformer. For this reason, transformers are often not grounded in size from "kVA", but from their continuous-time rating and short-circuit current. Regardless of how you evaluate, the grounding transformer can be sized to carry the rated primary phase-continuous, without exceeding the temperature limit. This loadincludes the magnetizing current of the core, the capacitive charging current for the cable and any additional charge, if applicable. The higher the value, the bigger and more expensive transformer. Typical values ​​of the constant current can be as low as 5 amps to a maximum of a few hundred. Be sure to include all the auxiliary load requirements. Continue Neutral Current - The continuous flow defined neutral three times the current stage, or in other words, the zero-sequenceCurrent. This is usually deemed to be zero when the system is balanced. But for the design of a transformer grounding, there is an expected value of being in the neutral circuit without tripping the protection circuits (the power of electricity are set to zero) or the leakage current to ground that is not a symmetric function of the flow. This value is also needed to design the thermal capacity of transformer grounding. Fault current and duration - This value is requiredThe calculation of the heating system a short time to be determined by an error in the system and the study of a technical system. Typical values ​​for this range of several hundred amperes to several thousand amperes with a duration of time in seconds, not cycles. For example, a typical value of 400 A for 10 seconds. The duration of the fault is a critical parameter for the designer transformer. In cases where protection mechanisms use the transformer grounded to activate the feature, a relatively shortSpecified period of time (5 -10 seconds). On the other hand, a period of extended or continuous failure, it would be necessary if the neutral earthing transformer is used in an alarm system ground fault. Impedance - The impedance can be expressed as a percentage or as ohms per phase. But in any case so that the non-phase voltages are disturbed during a ground fault in the temporary surge capacity of the transformer and associated equipment, such asStevedores and terminal. Based on this description, the values ​​range from a minimum of 8% to almost 100%. This value must come from the system designer. The primary winding connection - Specify the type of primary connection, and zig-zag or grounded Wye. Secondary Connection - Enter the secondary voltage and connection, if applicable. Enter the size of the auxiliary load for connecting to one or Zn Wye connected primary windings. If the option is to have twoTransformer with no load secondary winding to know whether the delta can be "buried" (not to be taken out) or when a single female to be placed on the ground or in the tank to check.

Material Safety Data base overall design - note the following features that apply to each transformer
Compartment of poles with transformer assembly tamper-proof tray or wall panel
· External or internal
· Fluid-type of mineral oil,Silicon, Envirotemp FR3
· Connectivity died first, against life, flat plug, lights - cover or side wall, suspended or closed, etc.
· Temperature increase is assumed to be 65 ° C.
· Level site or environmental concerns
Special Paint, if necessary
· Resistance neutral ground - The rated voltage of the NGR should be equal to the line of ground voltage of the transformer grounded. The current rating and the duration shouldGame rating of transformer grounding. Remember, the current rating high enough to put on the cable charging current and grounding transformer magnetizing current.

Grounding Transformers - Electrical Planning, Design Transformer, Transformer design and distribution

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Transformer Manufacturers

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Transformer artifacts are companies that manufacture and supply of power distribution transformers. This can also be very efficient amorphous metal transformers main package switches, battery chargers, electrical switchboards and electrical equipment.

Many of these companies is all the specific requirements of individual performance and aim to energy solutions affordable and reliable, providing the customer and the work environment. The equipment that may offer newmanufactured or re-engineered gears and is guaranteed to come with industry-leading partners.

There are many different types of transformers, which are used for a wide range of applications, and some of them are:

Super-low or amorphous transformers

Substations or

Paintings or

chargers

Optimizing voltage or

toroidal transformers

or Step up / step down converter

or tools and transformers site

Step Up and Step Down AutoThe transformers are small in size and weight and can be easily incorporated into existing equipment or supplied in an enclosure with or without connectors, plugs and wires.

Tool and site transformers are used for power tools, machines and applications of lighting used on site, housed in fiberglass reinforced, offering durability and safety. Facility and site transformers are normally correspond to 110V, 230V, 415V and the most stringent safety standards.

For outdoor use, watertightTransformers are essential and are usually an input of 230 V and an output of 12V to 24V. These types of transformers are generally used for outdoor lighting and garden pond pump power.

Transformers are devices that produce electricity from one circuit to another circuit transfer. This is done by the current through the transformer coil, these coils are called inductively coupled inductors. Most transformers have a wound coil of a ferromagneticCore.

Transformers can be manufactured in a variety of formats. They can be small enough to fit into a microphone, or units can weigh very large, hundreds of tons of becoming a national power grid to connect with each other.

Although the choice of design and size can vary greatly, they all work the same basic principles.

Transformer Manufacturers

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